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      • Cambodia >
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        • The Esplanade
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      • Thailand >
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        • Rawa Island, Krabi
      • United Kingdom
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      • Bittern
      • Brolgas
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      • Cormorant
      • Curlews
      • Ducks
      • Eastern Koel
      • Emus
      • Fairy Wren
      • Flamingos
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      • Herons
      • Honeyeater
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      • Acacia
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      • Berries and Seed Pods
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      • Blue Rottnest Island Daisy
      • Boronia
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      • Cape Dandelion
      • Carnivorous Plants
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      • Creepers, Vines and Tendrils
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      • Daucus Carota
      • Dog's Bane
      • Donkey Orchid
      • Echium
      • Erigeron Daisy
      • Eucalyptus
      • Everlasting Daisy
      • Figs
      • Frangipani
      • Fruit Tree Flowers
      • Ginger
      • Grasses and Rushes
      • Iris
      • Kangaroo Paw
      • Lavender
      • Loropetalum
      • Lotus Flowers
      • Onions
      • Oranges
      • Orchids at the Singapore Botanical Gardes
      • Osteospermum
      • Other Flowers
      • Paperbarks
      • Parsley
      • Passionfruit
      • Peace Lily
      • Photinia
      • Pine Trees
      • Polygala Sweet Pea Shrub
      • Poppy Tree
      • Proteas
      • Pyrorchis Orchid
      • Ribbon Pea
      • Roses
      • Salvia
      • Shasta Daisy
      • Soursob
      • Statice
      • Strawberries
      • Swan River Daisy
      • Talibot Pine
      • Tembusu Tree
      • Thistles
      • Thorns
      • Tomatoes
      • Tree canopies, bark and leaves
      • Tulips
      • Veined Helmet Orchid
      • Water Lilies
    • Fungi >
      • Amanita muscaria
      • Amanita princeps
      • Austropaxillus infundibuliformis
      • Boletellus obscurecoccineus
      • Cortinarius acheri
      • Cortinarius austrovenetus
      • Cortinarius rotundisporus
      • Earth Stars
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      • Entoloma rodwayi
      • Gymnopilus allantopus
      • Hygrocybe chromolimonea
      • Hygrocybe miniata
      • Lactarius eucalypti
      • Lycoperdon pyriforme
      • Lycoperdon scabrum
      • Mycena albidofusca
      • Mycena epipterygia
      • Mycena toyerlaricola
      • Mycena viscidocruenta
      • Oudemansiella gigaspora
      • Phaeolus schweinitzii
      • Phleopus marginatus
      • Pisolithus arhizus
      • Postia lactea
      • Ramaria
      • Scleroderma cepa
      • Trametes coccinea
    • Mosses
    • Reptiles and Amphibians >
      • Amphibians
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      • Bearded Dragons
      • Central Netted Dragon
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      • Eastern Water Dragon
      • Geckos
      • Iguanas
      • Skinks
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      • Water Monitors
    • More Photos >
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Lichens

macro / close up photo of lichen growing in Australia. Fruticose form lichen.
Lichens are interesting organisms that are actually a symbiosis between different organisms - a mycobiont (which is a fungus) and the photobiont (which is one or more of either a green alga or a cyanobacterium). The fungi provides the structure and the algae/cyanobacteria the green  ‘chlorophyll’ part.  Lichens are photosynthetic due to the photosynthetic properties of the algae or cyanobacteria that they contain.
Lichens are 
are classified by the fungal partner in this symbiotic relationship. 

The fungus partner in this symbiosis (the mycobiont) protects the alga/cyanobacterium (photobiont) in a tissue known as the thallus, it anchors it to a substrate, and it absorbs water and nutrients.   
The non-fungal partner in this symbiosis (the photobiont - either alga or cyanobacterium) is able to manufacture carbohydrates through photosynthesis. The fungus meets its need for carbohydrates by ‘harvesting’ it from the algae.

 This symbiotic relationship allows lichens to thrive in inhospitable environments, such as directly on rock.


There are now about 20,000 species of lichens. In Australia there are 3,500 known species of lichenised fungi spanning all habitats, including the arid interior.

Identification of lichens may be difficult, and can require fruiting bodies that are not always present.
Colours range from grey to orange, and they occur on many different substrates including dead branches, rotting logs, on the soil and on rocks.

[Definition of Substrate (in biology): the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached]

Lichens help to provide soil surface protection against erosion in dry habitats.
​

Lichens form fascinating shapes and structures and a number of broad groups/forms are recognised:
1. Foliose 

Foliose lichens have leafy, lobed growth forms.
They are a sandwich consisting of fungal layer with an algal mat in the middle, folded with distinct edges that are not adhered to the substrate. They have circular, flat sheets of tissue, often leaf-like in shape
They have small rootlets called rhizines for attachment to the substrate.
2. Fruticose 

Fructiose lichens are markedly three dimensional and are attached to the substrate  by an anchor at their base. The rest of the body is free and either erect or pendulous, and slow growing.
The fungal layer is on the outside, and the algal layer within.
They are beard-like or tangled. 
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Fruticose lichen growing in Victoria, Australia
3. Crustose 
Crustose lichens are crust-like and tightly attached over their entire underside to the substrate.
In some crustose lichens the body of the lichen is immersed within the substrate.

​Crustose lichens have three main structures:
  1. Thallus – body of the lichen where photosynthesis and growth take place, always fused to the substrate.
  2. Margin – the edge of the lichen where the fungus grows ahead of the photosymbiont, often a different colour, unlobed and flatter than the thallus
  3. Apothecia – reproductive structures where spores are formed and disseminated, typically cup or wart shaped, and a different colour from the thallus
4. Squamulose
Squamulose lichens look like thin flakes or crumbs scattered over the surface
References:

https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.html

https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Science/Our-work-discoveries/Natural-Areas-Management/Ecology-of-Cumberland-Plain-Woodland/Plant-species-in-the-woodland/Lichens​

https://fungimap.org.au/about-fungi/lichens/​

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate​

Lichen, Pixie Cups, Victoria, Australia. Macro, close-up, close up, free, photographs, photos
Lichen, Pixie Cups, Victoria, Australia
Lichen, Pixie Cups, Victoria, Australia. Macro, close-up, close up, free, photographs, photos
Lichen, Pixie Cups, Victoria, Australia
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia. Green branches with black tips.
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Lichen growing on a tree trunk. The Blue Mountains, Australia.
Lichen growing on a tree trunk. The Blue Mountains, Australia.
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Lichen's growing in Victoria, Australia
Lichen growing on a tree trunk. The Blue Mountains, Australia.
Fruticose lichen growing on a tree trunk in The Blue Mountains, Australia.
macro / close up photo of lichen growing in Australia. Fruticose form lichen.
macro / close up photo of lichen growing in Australia. Fruticose form lichen.
macro / close up photo of lichen growing in Australia. Fruticose form lichen.
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